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\hspace{9cm}{\it Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma}

\hspace{9cm}{\it Monte Porzio Catone}

\hspace{9cm}{\it Large Binocular Camera Team}

\hspace{9cm}{\em http://lbc.mporzio.astro.it}

\hspace{9cm}{\it 2004 S.Gallozzi \& A.Grazian}

\hspace{9cm}{\em gallozzi@mporzio.astro.it, grazian@mporzio.astro.it}

\vspace{1cm}

\begin{center}
{\huge {\bf LBC EXPOSURE TIME CALCULATOR}}
\end{center}
\begin{flushleft}
\rule{17.0cm}{1mm}
\end{flushleft}
\vskip 0.5cm

{\bf Program} \\
This document deals with the formulas of the Exposure Time Calculator
(ETC) for LBC.\\
{\bf Description} \\
The ETC is organized in three panels: the main upper panel summarizes the input
parameters, which should be necessary filled by the common user.
The second (left) panel operates with the Total Exposure Time, the Signal to Noise ratio
and the Magnitude of a given object.
The third (right) panel operates with the Single Exposure Time, the number of exposures,
the background and the magnitude of saturation.

\section{\bf First Panel: Input Parameters}

The input parameters are: the filter, the seeing, the photometric aperture,
the morphology of the source, the
airmass and the moon phase. The filters
available are divided into two main groups: the filters for the Blue Channel of LBC
(U, Un, B, V) and those for the Red Channel (V, R, I, Gunn Z, Y). The ETC requires the seeing
of the observation and the Photometric Aperture (PA) for the Photometry.
The source type can be set to {\em star}, {\em elliptical galaxy} or
{\em spiral galaxy} (the half light radius of the galactic sources is
0.4 arcsec).
The Signal to Noise
ratio is computed for a given PA. It is possible to select also the Airmass and the
Moon Phase for the observation.\\

The second panel (left) deals with the computation of the Total Exposure Time (TET),
the Signal to Noise Ratio (S/N) and the Magnitude ($Mag_{tot}$) for a given observation.

The third panel (right) deals with the computation of the Single Exposure Time (SET),
the Number of exposures ($N_{exp}$), the Background and the Magnitude at which a given
exposure is saturated ($Mag_{sat}$).

The two panels are roughly independent.

\begin{flushleft}
\rule{17cm}{.1mm}
\end{flushleft}

\section{Second Panel: Total Exposure Time (TET)}

For the TET panel, you need to fix two parameters to find the third one.
These are the formulas linking the total exposure time, the Magnitude
of a source and the Signal to Noise Ratio.

\subsection{\bf First Case: Magnitude at a given S/N and TET}

First case:
given the seeing, the aperture for photometry, the exposure time and
the Signal to Noise ratio, you can compute the magnitude of a source in
the given aperture and the total magnitude, given the aperture correction.

{
\scriptsize
s=seeing (arcsec)\\[-2mm]
p=pixel size (arcsec/px)\\[-2mm]
t=total exposure time (second)\\[-2mm]
w=photometric aperture diameter (arcsec)\\[-2mm]
r=ratio between aperture w and seeing s (aperture in seeing units)\\[-2mm]
A=area (pixel)\\[-2mm]
M=total magnitude (AB mag)\\[-2mm]
Ma=magnitude at a given aperture (AB mag)\\[-2mm]
Ms=magnitude of the sky (AB mag/$arcsec^2$)\\[-2mm]
SN=Signal to Noise Ratio\\[-2mm]
F=total flux of the source in ADU\\[-2mm]
B=flux of the background (per pixel) in ADU\\[-2mm]
ZpAirm=magnitude zero point for a given Airmass\\[-2mm]
Zp=magnitude zero point for Airmass=0.0\\[-2mm]
Ca=correction aperture (for star, elliptical or spiral galaxy)\\[-2mm]
n=number of exposures\\[-2mm]
g=gain (e-/ADU)\\[-2mm]
a=flat field accuracy for a single exposure\\[-2mm]
ron=Read Out Noise of LBC (e-)\\
}

$p=0.23$\\

$a=0.005$\\

$ron=12.0$\\

$g=1.75$\\

$r=w/s$\\

$A=\pi(\frac{s*r}{2*p})^2$\\

$B=t*p^2*10^{-0.4(Ms-Zp)}$\\

$\eta=\frac{a^2}{n}$\\

$\alpha=1$\\

$\beta=-(SN)^2/g$\\

$\gamma=-(SN)^2 \left[ n*A*(ron/g)^2 + B*A/g + \eta * B^2*A \right]$\\

$F = \frac{-\beta + \sqrt{\beta^2 - 4*\alpha*\gamma}}{2*\alpha}$\\

$Ma = -2.5*\log_{10}(F)+ ZpAirm$\\

$M = (Ma - Ca)$\\

$Ma$ is the magnitude at a given $SN$ in an aperture $w$, whereas $M$ is the
total magnitude of the object.\\

{\bf Description}: given the seeing $s$, the pixel size $p$ of LBC
and the aperture in arcsec $w$, the ETC program computes the ratio $r$ between
the aperture and the seeing. Then it computes the area $A$ in
pixel for this aperture. The next step is to compute the
background $B$ in ADU for the single pixel, given the total exposure
time $t$, the Magnitude of the Sky $Ms$, the Zero point $Zp$ at $airmass=0.0$.
At the end one computes the magnitude limit $Ma$ at a given
Signal to Noise ratio $SN$. The magnitude of the sky $Ms$ depends
on the Moon day (0,3,7,10,14) and the filter
used. It is always computed at airmass=0.
It can be read from {\em SKYMAG.dat} or from the LBC Database.\\

\begin{table}
\caption[]{Magnitude of the Sky for given Moon Phase for different filters}
$$
\begin{array}{p{0.1\linewidth}ccccc}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
Filter &  mag0 & mag3 & mag7 & mag10 & mag14 \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
LBC\_U & 22.895 & 22.429 & 20.860 & 19.453 & 17.987\\
LBC\_Un& 22.941 & 22.464 & 20.874 & 19.450 & 17.975\\
LBC\_B & 22.577 & 22.352 & 21.498 & 20.510 & 19.285\\
LBC\_V & 21.776 & 21.657 & 21.336 & 20.708 & 20.002\\
LBC\_R & 21.101 & 21.039 & 20.830 & 20.493 & 20.064\\
LBC\_I & 20.399 & 20.386 & 20.187 & 19.964 & 19.658\\
LBC\_Z & 19.315 & 19.313 & 19.189 & 19.056 & 18.872\\
LBC\_Y & 18.750 & 18.748 & 18.624 & 18.491 & 18.307\\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\end{array}
$$
\end{table}

The Zero Point for $t$ seconds of exposure time, for a given airmass
and for a given filter is\\

$ZpAirm=2.5*\log_{10}(t)+ZpAirm(t=1)$.\\

The zero point for 1 second of exposure time and for a given
airmass $ZpAirm(t=1)$ can be found in {\em ZEROPNT.dat}, where there are the zero
points for airmass= 0.0, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and so on till 3.0;
other values of airmass can be extrapolated.

The number of exposures $n$ is computed dividing the Total Exposure Time TET
by the Single Exposure Time SET for a single exposure. This parameter is taken from
the right panel and it is the only parameter calculated by a cross talk of the two
panels (TET and SET).

At the end one has the magnitude limit $Ma$ for a given filter,
moon, exposure time, airmass, seeing, aperture and Signal to Noise Ratio.
These formulas compute the magnitude limit in an aperture $w$!
If the object is greater than that aperture, the total
magnitude of the object could be brighter. It is computed as a simple formula
$Mag_{tot}=Ma-Ca$ and displayed in the outputs of the ETC for the $TET$ panel.

\subsection{\bf Second Case: S/N for a given Magnitude and TET}

Second case:
given the seeing $s$, the aperture for photometry $w$, the total exposure time $t$ and
the total magnitude of an object $M$, you can compute the Signal to Noise Ratio $SN$.
This result depends on the type of the source:
star, elliptical galaxy or spiral.

{
\scriptsize
s=seeing (arcsec)\\[-2mm]
p=pixel size (arcsec/px)\\[-2mm]
t=total exposure time (second)\\[-2mm]
w=photometric aperture diameter (arcsec)\\[-2mm]
r=ratio between aperture w and seeing s (aperture in seeing units)\\[-2mm]
A=area (pixel)\\[-2mm]
M=total magnitude (AB mag)\\[-2mm]
Ma=magnitude at a given aperture (AB mag)\\[-2mm]
Ms=magnitude of the sky (AB mag/$arcsec^2$)\\[-2mm]
SN=Signal to Noise Ratio\\[-2mm]
F=total flux of the source in ADU\\[-2mm]
B=flux of the background (per pixel) in ADU\\[-2mm]
ZpAirm=magnitude zero point for a given Airmass\\[-2mm]
Zp=magnitude zero point for Airmass=0.0\\[-2mm]
Ca=correction aperture (for star, elliptical or spiral galaxy)\\[-2mm]
n=number of exposures\\[-2mm]
g=gain (e-/ADU)\\[-2mm]
a=flat field accuracy for a single exposure\\[-2mm]
ron=Read Out Noise of LBC (e-)\\
}

$p=0.23$\\

$a=0.005$\\

$ron=12.0$\\

$g=1.75$\\

$r=w/s$\\

$A=\pi(\frac{s*r}{2*p})^2$\\

$B=t*p^2*10^{-0.4(Ms-Zp)}$\\

$\eta=\frac{a^2}{n}$\\

$ZpAirm=2.5*\log_{10}(t)+ZpAirm(t=1)$\\

$Ma=M+Ca$\\

$F=t*10^{-0.4 *(Mc - ZpAirm1)}$\\

or equivalently\\

$F=10^{-0.4 *(Mc - ZpAirm)}$\\

$SN = \frac{F}{\sqrt{(F + B * A)/g +n*A* (ron/g)^2 + \eta * B^2 * A}}$\\

{\bf Description}: given the seeing $s$ and the aperture $w$, first compute the sky
brightness $B$ and the area $A$ using the above formulas. Then
compute $r$, the ratio of the aperture and seeing.
For a stellar source, find in the file {\em totcorr\_star.dat} the row
corresponding to $r=w/s$; the second column gives $Ca$,
the correction for a given aperture.
For an elliptical galaxy, find in the file {\em totcorr\_ell.dat}
the row corresponding to $r=w/s$; for a spiral galaxy, the corresponding
file is {\em totcorr\_spi.dat}.
Search in the column corresponding to the seeing the
correction $Ca$, for a given aperture and a given seeing.
Then correct the input magnitude for $Ca$, compute the
flux $F$ in ADU for the given source and compute the Signal
to Noise ratio $SN$. These formulas compute the Signal to Noise
ratio in an aperture $w$. The term $\eta$ provides the contribution of the
flat field accuracy to the Noise of a given exposure.
It depends on the number of exposures ($\frac{a^2}{n}$).

{\bf Warning}: This is the reference formula for the ETC: the first and the third
cases of this panel (TET) are derived inverting this formula. To enhance the Signal to
Noise Ratio it is possible to act on the total exposure time $t$ and/or on the
number of exposures $n$.\\[1mm]

\subsection{\bf Third Case: TET needed to reach a given Magnitude at a given SNR}

Third case:
given the seeing $s$, the aperture for photometry $w$, the Signal to
Noise ratio $SN$ and the magnitude of an object $M$, you can compute
the exposure time required to reach $SN$ in the given aperture.
This result depends on the type of the source: star, elliptical galaxy
or spiral.

{
\scriptsize
s=seeing (arcsec)\\[-2mm]
p=pixel size (arcsec/px)\\[-2mm]
t=total exposure time (second)\\[-2mm]
w=photometric aperture diameter (arcsec)\\[-2mm]
r=ratio between aperture w and seeing s (aperture in seeing units)\\[-2mm]
A=area (pixel)\\[-2mm]
M=total magnitude (AB mag)\\[-2mm]
Ma=magnitude at a given aperture (AB mag)\\[-2mm]
Ms=magnitude of the sky (AB mag/$arcsec^2$)\\[-2mm]
SN=Signal to Noise Ratio\\[-2mm]
$F_1$=flux of the source in ADU for 1 second of exposure time\\[-2mm]
$B_1$=flux of the background (per pixel) in ADU for 1 second of exposure time\\[-2mm]
ZpAirm1=magnitude zero point for a given Airmass at 1 second of exposure time\\[-2mm]
Zp1=magnitude zero point for Airmass=0.0 at 1 second of exposure time\\[-2mm]
Ca=correction aperture (for star, elliptical or spiral galaxy)\\[-2mm]
n=number of exposures\\[-2mm]
g=gain (e-/ADU)\\[-2mm]
a=flat field accuracy for a single exposure\\[-2mm]
ron=Read Out Noise of LBC (e-)\\
}

$p=0.23$\\

$a=0.005$\\

$ron=12.0$\\

$g=1.75$\\

$r=w/s$\\

$A=\pi(\frac{s*r}{2*p})^2$\\

$B_1=p^2*10^{-0.4(Ms-Zp1)}$\\

$Ma=M+Ca$\\

$F_1=10^{-0.4 *(Ma - ZpAirm1)}$\\

$K_1 = \frac{F_1 + A * B_1}{g}$\\

$\alpha = F_1^2 - (a^2/n) * (SN)^2 * B_1^2 * A$\\

$\beta = -(SN)^2 * K_1$\\

$\gamma = -(SN)^2 * n * A * (ron/g)^2$\\

$t = \frac{-\beta + \sqrt{\beta^2 - 4*\alpha*\gamma}}{2*\alpha}$\\

{\bf Description}: given the seeing $s$ and the aperture $w$ for photometry, compute the
ratio $r$ between $w$ and $s$. Compute the area $A$ of the aperture and
the correction for a given aperture $Ca$.
Then correct the input magnitude of the source for the $Ca$ value,
compute the flux of the source $F_1$ for an exposure time of 1 second and $B_1$
for the sky background. Then compute the total time $t$ needed
to reach a given Signal to Noise ratio $SN$ in an aperture $w$.

{\bf Warning}: The coefficient $\alpha$ must be a positive number. If it is negative
or null, no solution can be reached. In this case it is useful to increase the Magnitude
of the source $M$ or the number of exposures $n$. In the same way, it is possible to
decrease the given Signal to Noise to reach convergence in the calculations.\\[1mm]

\begin{flushleft}
\rule{17cm}{.1mm}
\end{flushleft}

\section{\bf Second Panel: Single Exposure Time}

These formulas link the Single Exposure Time (SET), the number of exposures,
the Background and the Magnitude Saturation (Magnitude of a star that saturates
in a single exposure).
Only one parameter is needed to obtain the others.

\subsection{\bf First Case: Single Exposure Time is given}

Given the single exposure time $SET$, compute the number of exposures $n$,
the background $B$ and the magnitude at saturation $Msat$ for a single exposure.

{
\scriptsize
s=seeing (arcsec)\\[-2mm]
p=pixel size (arcsec/px)\\[-2mm]
SET=single exposure time (second)\\[-2mm]
TET=total exposure time (second)\\[-2mm]
w=photometric aperture diameter (arcsec)\\[-2mm]
r=ratio between aperture w and seeing s (aperture in seeing units)\\[-2mm]
A=area (pixel)\\[-2mm]
Msat=magnitude at saturation (AB mag)\\[-2mm]
Ma=magnitude at a given aperture (AB mag)\\[-2mm]
Ms=magnitude of the sky (AB mag/$arcsec^2$)\\[-2mm]
SN=Signal to Noise Ratio\\[-2mm]
F=total flux of the source in ADU\\[-2mm]
B=flux of the background (per pixel) in ADU\\[-2mm]
ZpAirm1=magnitude zero point for a given Airmass at 1 second of exposure time\\[-2mm]
Zp1=magnitude zero point for Airmass=0.0 at 1 second of exposure time\\[-2mm]
Ca=correction aperture (for star, elliptical or spiral galaxy)\\[-2mm]
n=number of exposures\\[-2mm]
$\beta$=Moffat Profile Parameter\\[-2mm]
$R_0$=scale length of Moffat profile\\[-2mm]
I(R)=intensity for a Moffat profile at a given radius R\\[-2mm]
Io=peak intensity for the Moffat profile I(R=0)\\[-2mm]
TF=total flux of Moffat profile\\
}

The Moffat profile is defined as follows:\\

$\beta=2.5$\\

$R_0=\frac{s}{2*p}$\\

$I(R) = Io \left[ 1 + (2^{1/\beta}-1) * (R/R_0)^2 \right ] ^{-\beta}$\\

$TF=\int_0^\infty 2\pi*R*I(R)*dR$\\

defining $\alpha=2^{1/\beta}-1$, we have\\

$TF=Io*\pi*\frac{R_0^2}{\alpha*(\beta-1)}$.\\

$Io=\alpha\frac{\beta -1}{\pi*R_0^2}$
is the maximum of the Moffat profile for total flux $TF=1$.

Given all these relations, it is simple to compute the required parameters.\\

$n=TET/SET$\\

$B=SET*p^2*10^{-0.4(Ms-Zp1)}$\\

$Io=2^{16}-B$\\

$TF=Io*\pi*\frac{R_0^2}{\alpha*(\beta-1)}$\\

$F1=\frac{TF}{SET}$\\

$Msat=-2.5*\log_{10}(F1)+Zp1$.\\

{\bf Description}: the number of exposures $n$ is the ratio between the Total Exposure Time
$TET$ and the Single Exposure Time $SET$. It should be an integer number,
so it is possible that the product $SET*n$ is substantially different from $TET$.
In this case a simple {\em Warning} is given.

Given the seeing of the observation $s$, and assuming a Moffat profile, one
computes the maximum of the profile $Io$ for an object with total flux
$TF=1$. Given the Magnitude of the Sky
$Ms$ and the Single Exposure Time $SET$, the Background $B$ is derived.
The magnitude at saturation $Msat$ is
computed for 65536 ($2^{16}$) ADU (full well capacity of a single pixel for LBC).
The maximum of an image is the sum of the background and the peak of the
source $Io$, for an exposure time of $SET$. Given the total flux $TF$ required to
saturate the frame for a Single Exposure Time (SET), one can compute
the flux for 1 second $F1$ and then derive the Magnitude of Saturation $Msat$.
If the ADUs are greater than 65536 ($2^{16}$) or equal, the image is saturated
and an {\em Error} message is given.

{\bf Warning}: check that the Single Exposure Time (SET) is consistent with the
Total Exposure Time (TET). It is not possible that SET is greater than TET.
If TET is large, verify that the combination of TET and SET gives an adequate
number of exposures $n$.

\subsection{\bf Second Case: Number of Exposures is given}

Given the number of exposures $n$, compute the Single Exposure Time $SET$,
the background $B$ and the magnitude at saturation $Msat$ for a single exposure.

{
\scriptsize
SET=single exposure time (second)\\[-2mm]
TET=total exposure time (second)\\[-2mm]
n=number of exposures\\[-2mm]
}

$SET=TET/n$.\\

{\bf Description}: the Single Exposure Time $SET$ is derived dividing
the Total Exposure Time $TET$
by the number of exposures $n$. Then to derive the Background $B$ for a Single
Exposure and the Magnitude of Saturation $Msat$ the formulas are the same of the
First Case.

{\bf Warning}: check that the number of exposures $n$ is consistent with the
Total Exposure Time (TET). $n$ should be an integer number.
If TET is large, verify that the combination of TET and $n$ gives an adequate
value for the Single Exposure Time SET.

\subsection{\bf Third Case: Background is given}

Given the Background $B$ for a single exposure, compute the Single Exposure Time $SET$,
the number of exposures $n$ and the magnitude at saturation $Msat$ for a single exposure.

{
\scriptsize
s=seeing (arcsec)\\[-2mm]
p=pixel size (arcsec/px)\\[-2mm]
SET=single exposure time (second)\\[-2mm]
TET=total exposure time (second)\\[-2mm]
w=photometric aperture diameter (arcsec)\\[-2mm]
r=ratio between aperture w and seeing s (aperture in seeing units)\\[-2mm]
A=area (pixel)\\[-2mm]
Msat=magnitude at saturation (AB mag)\\[-2mm]
Ma=magnitude at a given aperture (AB mag)\\[-2mm]
Ms=magnitude of the sky (AB mag/$arcsec^2$)\\[-2mm]
SN=Signal to Noise Ratio\\[-2mm]
F=total flux of the source in ADU\\[-2mm]
B=flux of the background (per pixel) in ADU\\[-2mm]
ZpAirm1=magnitude zero point for a given Airmass at 1 second of exposure time\\[-2mm]
Zp1=magnitude zero point for Airmass=0.0 at 1 second of exposure time\\[-2mm]
Ca=correction aperture (for star, elliptical or spiral galaxy)\\[-2mm]
n=number of exposures\\[-2mm]
$\beta$=Moffat Profile Parameter\\[-2mm]
$R_0$=scale length of Moffat profile\\[-2mm]
I(R)=intensity for a Moffat profile at a given radius R\\[-2mm]
Io=peak intensity for a Moffat profile I(R=0)\\[-2mm]
TF=total flux of Moffat profile\\
}

$SET=\frac{B}{p^2*10^{-0.4(Ms-Zp1)}}$\\

$n=TET/SET$\\

$Io=2^{16}-B$\\

$R_0=\frac{s}{2*p}$\\

$TF=Io*\pi*\frac{R_0^2}{\alpha*(\beta-1)}$\\

$F1=\frac{TF}{SET}$\\

$Msat=-2.5*\log_{10}(F1)+Zp1$.\\

{\bf Description}: given the Background $B$ for a single exposure,
it is possible to compute the Single
Exposure Time $SET$ knowing the background for 1 second of exposure time.
The number of exposures $n$ is the ratio of TET and SET.
The peak $Io$ of a source at the saturation level is derived using the background $B$.
Given the seeing of the observation $s$, and assuming a Moffat profile, one
computes from the maximum of the profile $Io$ the total flux $TF$.
The magnitude at saturation $Msat$ is
computed for 65536 ($2^{16}$) ADU (full well capacity of a single pixel for LBC).
Given the total flux $TF$ required to
saturate the frame for a Single Exposure Time (SET), one can compute
the flux for 1 second $F1$ and then derive the Magnitude of Saturation $Msat$.
If the ADUs are greater than 65536 ($2^{16}$) or equal, the image is saturated and
an {\em Error} message is given.

{\bf Warning}: it is not possible to enter a Background $B$ greater or equal to
65536 ($2^{16}$) ADU.
If TET is large, verify that the combination of TET and $B$ gives an adequate
number of exposures $n$.

\subsection{\bf Fourth Case: Magnitude at Saturation is given}

Given the Magnitude at Saturation $Msat$ for a single exposure,
compute the Single Exposure Time $SET$,
the number of exposures $n$ and the Background $B$ for a single exposure.

{
\scriptsize
s=seeing (arcsec)\\[-2mm]
p=pixel size (arcsec/px)\\[-2mm]
SET=single exposure time (second)\\[-2mm]
TET=total exposure time (second)\\[-2mm]
w=photometric aperture diameter (arcsec)\\[-2mm]
r=ratio between aperture w and seeing s (aperture in seeing units)\\[-2mm]
A=area (pixel)\\[-2mm]
Msat=magnitude at saturation (AB mag)\\[-2mm]
Ma=magnitude at a given aperture (AB mag)\\[-2mm]
Ms=magnitude of the sky (AB mag/$arcsec^2$)\\[-2mm]
SN=Signal to Noise Ratio\\[-2mm]
F=total flux of the source in ADU\\[-2mm]
B=flux of the background (per pixel) in ADU\\[-2mm]
ZpAirm1=magnitude zero point for a given Airmass at 1 second of exposure time\\[-2mm]
Zp1=magnitude zero point for Airmass=0.0 at 1 second of exposure time\\[-2mm]
Ca=correction aperture (for star, elliptical or spiral galaxy)\\[-2mm]
n=number of exposures\\[-2mm]
$\beta$=Moffat Profile Parameter\\[-2mm]
$R_0$=scale length of Moffat profile\\[-2mm]
I(R)=intensity for a Moffat profile at a given radius R\\[-2mm]
Io=peak intensity for a Moffat profile I(R=0)\\[-2mm]
B1=sky counts for 1 second of exposure time\\[-2mm]
F1=total flux for 1 second of exposure time\\[-2mm]
I1=peak intensity for 1 second of exposure time\\[-2mm]
TF=total flux of Moffat profile\\
}

$B1=p^2*10^{-0.4(Ms-Zp1)}$\\

$F1=10^{-0.4*(Msat-ZpAirm1)}$\\

$R_0=\frac{s}{2*p}$\\

$I1=\frac{F1 * \alpha * (\beta-1)}{\pi * R_0^2}$\\

$SET=\frac{2^{16}}{B1+I1}$\\

$B=SET*p^2*10^{-0.4(Ms-Zp1)}$\\

$n=TET/SET$\\

{\bf Description}: given the Background $B1$ for 1 second of exposure and the
flux at saturation $F1$
for 1 second of exposure, it is possible to compute the peak $I1$ of a source that
saturates the CCD. The Single Exposure Time $SET$ is derived from the flux
of the background and the source for 1 second of exposure time.
The Background $B$ for a single exposure is derived using the Single Exposure
Time $SET$ and the Magnitude of the Sky $Ms$. Then the number of exposures $n$
is derived referring to the Total Exposure Time $TET$.
If the ADUs are greater than 65536 ($2^{16}$) or equal, the image is saturated.

{\bf Warning}: if TET is large, verify that the combination of TET and
$Msat$ gives an adequate number of exposures $n$.

\begin{flushleft}
\rule{17cm}{.1mm}
\end{flushleft}

In case of problems with the ETC, contact the {\bf LBC-Webmaster}
{\bf Stefano Gallozzi}\\
{\it gallozzi@mporzio.astro.it}

\end{document}
